|
|
Parashat Bereshit
Iyunim - Weekly insights on the Parasha with commentaries
by Nehama Leibovitz, za"l
God said:
Let us make man in our image and likeness
(1, 26)
Man was created on the sixth day and was different from all that
preceded him. Only his creation is recorded in two stages. First
God made known His intention to create him and afterwards the
account of his actual creation is recorded.
Man qualified for a special preamble. This separate and distinctive
treatment was, Ramban points out, a measure of his pre-eminence
and his difference in kind from the rest of the animal world whose
creation was announced in the immediately preceding passage.
In Rechasim Lebik’a another and more arresting reason
is advanced from the special preamble: “let us make”
accorded to man. It paralleled the announcement heralding the
creation of woman. There God had said before hand: “it is
not good for man to be alone...” These explanatory announcements
were not made in the case of other creatures. Their creation was
announced without any such preliminary fanfares. Why? “They
illustrated God’s fairness to all His creatures in not intimidating
them by suddenly springing on them a ruler and governor, without
warning. On the contrary, he said to them, ‘come let us make
man’ like a king about to levy tax on his people, announcing:
‘come let us levy a tax on the country in your interest’.”
Others have found the source of man’s distinction in having
been created last, Radak states: that “it was a sign of man’s
honour and elevated status that he was created last to make known
that all mortal creatures were created for his sake and he was
made the lord of all them.”
Dubnow in the Biur elaborates on the same theme: “Man
was the crown of creation, a little lower than the angels, possessor
of an immortal soul, capable of an intelligent acknowledgment
of His creator and ruling the world by dint of his wisdom. Let
us make man, the creator announced. In other words, after I have
created all the foregoing for the sake of man, to supply his needs
and enjoyment, let the master enter his palace.”
Man’s status as the aim of creation and his uniqueness are
underlined by the sublime phraseology describing his creation:
So God created man in his own image;
In the image of God created He him;
male and female created He them.
The style of the verse is poetic and elevated, the fact of man’s
creation being referred to three times. The chasm separating man
from the rest of creation is stressed twice in the statement that
he was created in the image of God. Both the duties, responsibilities
and glory of man derive from this. In this book Dat Umadda
(Religion and Science), Prof. Gutmann dwells on the term: “The
image of God” (p. 265):
Zelem (image) refers to the personal relationship
that can only be found between “persons”. The personality
of man is placed vis-a-vis the personality of God. For there is
a religious approach (not Jewish) that sees the religious ideal
in the effacement of man’s personality. “Man’s
personality is regarded (according to this approach as a barrier
between him and things... but this is not the case with an ethical
religion. Only as long as man is a person can he preserve his
relationship with God. Man is a world of his own and he is not
required to merge himself in nature.
In other words, every individual is equally significant before
God, since every man was created in His image.
Therefore man was created on his own, to teach you that
whoever destroys one soul is regarded by the Torah as if he had
destroyed a whole world and whoever saves one soul, is regarded
as if he had saved a whole world. (Mishna Sanhedrin 37a)
The uniqueness of the individual, a world to himself, unrepeatable
is vividly portrayed in the continuation of the same Mishna:
The greatness of the Holy One blessed be He is thus
demonstrated. For whereas when man prints many coins from one
die, each one is a replica of the other, the Supreme King of Kings,
the Holy One blessed be He stamped every man with the die of Adam
yet no one exactly resembles his fellow.
Man as soon as he was created received a special divine blessing.
However he was not the first creature to be blessed by God, but
had been preceded by the fishes. The content of both blessings
is similar but a very significant difference can be detected.
Compare the blessing accorded the fishes:
...And God blessed them,
saying,
be fruitful and multiply
with the blessing received by man—
Then God blessed them and God said unto them,
be fruitful and multiply.
The fish do not qualify for a special address to them by God. They
are merely granted the power to be fruitful and multiply. This
is their blessing. Man however, besides being given the power
to be fruitful and multiply, is especially told by God
to be fruitful and multiply and is conscious of his power to do
so. What is merely an impersonal fact with
regard to the rest of the animal creation is a conscious fact
with regard to man. A similar idea is to be found in the statement
in Pirkei Avot (3,14).
Beloved is man since he was created in God’s
image; But it was by a special love that it was made known him
that he was created in God’s image.
Man who was created in God’s image is charged with a special
task over and above those applying to the rest of creation. (1,28)
And God blessed them, and God said unto them:
Be fruitful and multiply.
And fill the earth and subdue it:
And rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of heaven;
and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth;
The phrase “subdue it’ is rather puzzling at first glance,
bearing as it does a bellicose significance which is at variance
with the peaceful ideals that our sages considered to be the goal
of mankind. Indeed the very origin of man in one single pair was,
according to them, activated by the Divine wish to prevent war
between mankind. This point is made in the Tosefta cited in the
Talmud, Sanhedrin 88b:
Man was created alone in the world to prevent inter-family
feud. Now if in spite of the fact that he was created alone, strife
has developed between them , all the more so if two would have
been created!
The Mishna we have already referred to in Sanhedrin goes further
and derives from the creation of the first man and woman the principle
of brotherhood of man and the condemnation of any special theory.
For this reason man was created alone, for the sake of
peace between mankind, so that one man should not say to his fellow:
My father was greater than yours!
The blessing therefore to “subdue it” cannot refer to
man being bidden to make war on his neighbor. Ramban enlightens
us on this point. Man he says, was thereby given dominion over
the earth to do as his will with the rest of the animal creation,
to build, uproot, plant, mine metal from the earth and the like.
The phrase, therefore, refers rather to man’s conquest of
the desert and his constructive and civilizing endeavors to build
and inhabit the world, harness the forces of nature for his own
good and exploit the mineral wealth around him. In the words of
Isaiah: “the world was not created to be waste, but to be
inhabited” (14,19). It was man’s privilege accorded
to him by his Creator to have dominion over the creation and to
rule over the fish of the sea and the fowl of the air and over
every living thing that moved.
The order of creation also sets man up as a pinnacle of it all,
as he comes after the fishes on the fifth day and animals on the
sixth. Let us cite once again from the words of Gutmann on this
theme:
Man is not subservient to the world. The forces
of nature are not supernatural ones that are superior to him.
But he stands on the side of God against nature.
Man is in our sidra addressed in the second person by God who directs
His gaze from above to the earth below. The psalmist in Psalm
8, as he surveys the heavens and their hosts and senses at one
and the same time both his insignificance in the whole universe
and his honoured position as a ruler on earth, directs his gaze
from below to the Above, addressing God in the second person:
When I consider Thy heavens, the work of Thy fingers,
the moon and the stars, which Thou has ordained; What is man,
that Thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest
him?
For Thou hast made him a little lower than angels, and
hast crowned him glory and honour. Thou madest him to have dominion
over the works of Thy hands; Thou hast put all things under his
feet: All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field; The
fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth
through the paths of the seas.
Questions for Further Study
-
“In his image”: in the mould that had
been cast for him; for all else had been created by word,
but he by hand, as it is stated (Psalm 139, 5): “Thou
hast laid Thy hand upon me.” He was stamped as coin
is minted. “In the image of God he created him”—the
verse goes on to explain that the same image prepared
for him was indeed the image of his Maker. (Rashi
on Gen. 1,27)
“So God created man in his image”—the
one now in the world. (Lekah Tov)
Since the phrase “in his image” can be taken
to refer to man as many have imagined, the text proceeds
to specify: “in the image of God” as the sages
say: “i.e. such and such a thing”. There are
countless examples of this in the Torah and Holy Writ.
(Kaspi)
- What is the difference between the above explanations?
(Have we three or only two separate interpretations?)
- Which commentator have we followed in our discussion
of the sidra?
-
“In his image” in the image of Man.
Alternatively: “in the image of God.” Awesomely:
“”in the image of God He created him.”
(Bechor Shor)
What does he mean by “awesomely”? --literally:
“the terrible of awful approach”: Cf.: the phrase:
“great and terrible God” or Blake in Tiger
Tiger: “thy awful symmetry.”
-
“In the image of God he created him.”
Cf.: “and at the hand of man, even at the hand of
every man’s brother, will I require the life of man”
(Gen. 9, 5) and: “The man who commits adultery with
a man’s wife, even if he who commits adultery with
his neighbor's wife.” (Lev. 20, 10) (Shadal)
- (a) What is common to all three verses?
- (b) Which of the explanations in question 1 does
Shadal follow?
|
|